It was agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into the king's hands on the grounds that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal and had sheltered the king's 'mortal enemy' Robert d'Artois. Then, in May 1337, Philip met with his Great Council in Paris. The arrière-ban, literally a call to arms, was proclaimed throughout France starting on 30 April 1337. At the same time, ambassadors were to be sent to France with a proposed treaty for the French king.Īt the end of April 1337, Philip of France was invited to meet the delegation from England but refused. To deal with this crisis, Edward proposed that the English raise two armies, one to deal with the Scots "at a suitable time", the other to proceed at once to Gascony. However, the plan was abandoned and the fleet, including elements of the Scottish navy, moved to the English Channel off Normandy in 1336, threatening England. Philip VI had assembled a large naval fleet off Marseilles as part of an ambitious plan for a crusade to the Holy Land. The House of Valois ultimately retained control over the kingdom of France, with the previously intertwined French and English monarchies thereafter remaining separate. Each side drew many allies into the conflict, with English forces initially prevailing. The war is commonly divided into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). The term "Hundred Years' War" was adopted by later historians as a historiographical periodisation to encompass related conflicts, constructing the longest military conflict in European history. Stronger national identities took root in both countries, which became more centralised and gradually rose as global powers. Both sides produced innovations in military technology and tactics, including professional standing armies and artillery, that permanently changed warfare in Europe chivalry, which had reached its height during the conflict, subsequently declined. The war's effect on European history was lasting. For 116 years, interrupted by several truces, five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the dominant kingdom in Western Europe. The Hundred Years' War was one of the most significant conflicts of the Middle Ages. Over time, the war grew into a broader power struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fuelled by emerging nationalism on both sides. It originated from disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. The Hundred Years' War was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages.
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